RESUMO Introdução: o tratamento do câncer de adrenal benigno (hormonalmente ativo ou não funcional) e maligno inclui a adrenalectomia. A experiência dos cirurgiões e a cirurgia realizada por cirurgiões de alto volume foram associadas a menos complicações e menor custo. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever e comparar o número de cirurgias, a taxa de mortalidade e o tempo de internação para adrenalectomias realizadas entre 2008 e 2019 na rede pública de saúde de São Paulo. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo ecológico. Os dados foram coletados da Plataforma TabNet do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. Os hospitais foram divididos em três subgrupos de acordo com o volume cirúrgico e hospitais com e sem programa de residência médica em Urologia. Os resultados foram comparados entre os grupos. Resultados: no período estudado, 943 adrenalectomias foram realizadas em São Paulo. As taxas de mortalidade durante a internação de acordo com o volume cirúrgico hospitalar foram: não foram relatados óbitos em hospitais de baixo volume; 0,015% em hospitais de volume intermediário e 0,004% em alto volume. O tempo médio de permanência na UTI foi de 1,03 dias nos hospitais de baixo volume; 2,8 nos de médio volume e 1,12 nos de alto volume (análise entre centros de médio e alto volume com significância estatística, p=0,016). Conclusão: as taxas de mortalidade foram muito baixas em todos os grupos. A permanência na UTI foi menor em centros de alto volume do que em centros de volume intermediário.

ABSTRACT Introduction: treating benign (hormonally active or nonfunctional) and malignant adrenal cancer includes adrenalectomy. The expertise of surgeons and surgery performed by high-volume surgeons were associated with fewer complications and lower cost. We aimed to describe and compare the number of surgeries, mortality rate, and length of hospital stay for adrenalectomies performed between 2008 and 2019 in the public health system of São Paulo. Methods: this was an ecological study. The data were collected using the TabNet Platform of the Unified Health System Department of Informatics. Outcomes analyzed included the number of surgeries performed, mortality rate during hospital stay, and length of hospital stay. Public hospitals in Sao Paulo were divided into three subgroups according to the surgical volume of adrenalectomies performed as well as hospitals with and without a residency program in Urology, and the results were compared among them. Results: a total of 943 adrenalectomies were performed in Sao Paulo between 2008 and 2019. Mortality rates during hospital stay according to hospital surgical volume were no reported deaths in low-volume, 0.015% in intermediate-volume, and 0.004% in high-volume hospitals. The average length of the ICU stay was 1.03 days in low-volume, 2.8 in intermediate-volume, and 1.12 in high-volume hospitals (analysis between intermediate and high volume centers with statistical significance, p=0.016). Conclusions: despite no statistically significant differences among the groups analyzed, mortality rates were very low in all groups. ICU stay was shorter in high-volume centers than in intermediate-volume centers.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe and compare the number of surgeries, mortality rate, length of hospital stay, and costs of transurethral resection of the prostate and open prostatectomy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, between 2008 and 2018, in the Public Health System in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods Ecological and retrospective study using data from the informatics department of the Brazilian Public Health System database. Procedure codes were “open prostatectomy” and “transurethral resection of the prostate.” The outcomes analyzed were compared between transurethral resection of the prostate and open prostatectomy according to the hospital surgical volume and presence or absence of a residency program. Results A total of 18,874 surgeries were analyzed (77% transurethral resection of the prostate) and overall mortality was not statistically different between procedures. Intermediate and high-volume centers had shorter length of hospital stay than low-volume centers for transurethral resection of the prostate (3.28, 3.02, and 6.58 days, respectively, p=0.01 and p=0.004). Length of hospital stay was also shorter for open prostatectomy in high-volume compared to low-volume centers (4.86 versus 10.76 days, p=0.036). Intrahospital mortality was inversely associated with surgical volume for transurethral resection of the prostate. Centers with residency program had shorter length of hospital stay considering open prostatectomy and less mortality regarding transurethral resection of the prostate. Open prostatectomy was 64% more expensive than transurethral resection of the prostate. Conclusion The findings suggest the importance of investing in specialized centers, which could be potential referral centers for surgical cases.

Abstract: With the purpose of applying a clean and low energy consumption technology in the separation of emulsions, an electrostatic separator of 1.0 dm3 was built. Rectangular copper electrodes were used. For the tests, glycerin emulsions (10% v/v) were prepared in biodiesel. Licitin was used as the emulsifying agent. The voltages used were 3000, 6000 and 9000 volts; and the distances between electrodes were 2, 4 and 6 cm. For each test the complete separation of the emulsion was achieved and the necessary times were recorded. It was determined that there are both individual and combined effects of the factors tested in the separation of glycerin from biodiesel. The distance between electrodes was the variable that produced the greatest effect in the separation, followed by the voltage and the voltage/distance combination. The observed separation times vary between 8.3 and 45.3 seconds.

Resumen: Con el propósito de aplicar una tecnología limpia y de bajo consumo energético en la separación de emulsiones, se construyó un separador electrostático de 1,0 dm3. Se utilizaron electrodos de cobre rectangulares. Para los ensayos se prepararon emulsiones de glicerina (10% v/v) en biodiésel. Como agente emulsificante se utilizó licitina. Los voltajes empleados fueron 3000, 6000 y 9000 voltios; y las distancias entre electrodos fueron 2, 4 y 6 cm. Para cada ensayo se alcanzó la separación completa de la emulsión y se registraron los tiempos necesarios. Se determinó que existe un efecto tanto individual como combinado de los factores ensayados en la separación de la glicerina del biodiésel. La distancia entre electrodos fue la variable que mayor efecto produjo en la separación, seguidos del voltaje y la combinación de voltaje/distancia. Los tiempos de separación observados varían entre 8,3 y 45,3 segundos.

Nowadays, it is common the use of qualitative information expressed by experts to solve the problems of economic-financial assessment in uncertainty environments. Two are the difficulties presented in this type of problems; the first one focuses on the information given by the expert, which can be represented in different domains of expression, and the second one is relative to the obtained final solution, which must be representative for most of the experts involved in the process. To solve the first problem, the information representation has been proposed by means of the fuzzy model of linguistic 2-tuples, which allows treating as an homogeneous form the information expressed by the experts in different domains. To solve the second problem, in this work it is proposed to make use of the concept of majority through the OWA operators.

Hoy en día es común el uso de información cualitativa expresada por expertos para resolver los problemas de evaluación económico-financiera en entornos de incertidumbre. Dos son las dificultades que se presentan en este tipo de problemas, la primera de ellas se centra en la información dada por el experto, que puede representarse en diferentes dominios de expresión y la segunda es relativa a la solución final obtenida, que deberá ser representativa de la mayoría de los expertos que participaron en el proceso. Para resolver el primer problema se ha propuesto la representación de información por medio del modelo difuso de 2-tuplas lingüísticas, que permite tratar de una forma homogénea la información expresada por los expertos en diferentes dominios. Para resolver el segundo problema, en este trabajo se propone hacer uso del concepto de mayoría a través de los operadores OWA.

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy in adolescence has been associated with adverse health problems. OBJECTIVE: To identify the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in adolescents presenting with diabetes. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in 138 adolescent pregnant patients (< 20 years) with diabetes. From them, 101 were pregestional diabetics (B2, C64, D30, F1, R3 and F-R 1 of Priscilla White) and 37 gestational diabetics (A1 24, A2 8 and A3-5 of Freinkel and Metzger). The maternal and perinatal results were compared to that of 242 non-diabetic adolescents and 482 non-adolescents pregnant and non-diabetics from the same institution at random. For variables' analysis the Fisher X2 test was used and Z for the ratios with a statistical significance of p< 0.05. RESULTS: The level of metabolic control was qualified as "non-optimal" in the 42.0 % of the diabetics which may be contributed to the significant greater frequency of pre-term labor, morbidity and mortality and of newborns weighing = o > 4 000 g, it was probably the responsible of the greater frequency of cesarean section. The frequency of the eleven congenital malformations (8.0 % was higher than the reported in our country for the general population and even for pregnants and to the non-attendance to pre-conception control consultation. CONCLUSION: The adverse perinatal results in diabetic adolescents could be in relation, according our results, to hyperglycemia of difficult control in these pregnants and to non-attendance to preconception control consultation.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El embarazo en la adolescencia ha sido asociado con problemas adversos para la salud. OBJETIVO: Identificar la morbimortalidad materna y perinatal en adolescentes con diabetes. MÉTODOS: Estudiamos retrospectivamente 138 embarazadas adolescentes (< 20 años) con diabetes. De ellas 101 eran diabéticas pregestacionales (B 2, C 64, D 30, F 1, R 3, y F-R 1 de Priscilla White) y 37 diabéticas gestacionales (A1 24. A2 8 y A3 5 de Freinkel y Metzger). Comparamos los resultados maternos y perinatales con 242 adolescentes no diabéticas y 482 embarazadas no adolescentes y no diabéticas de la misma institución obtenidas al azar. Para el análisis de las variables se utilizó el test X2 de Fisher y Z para las proporciones, con un significado estadístico de p< 0,05. RESULTADOS: El grado de control metabólico fue calificado de "no óptimo" en el 42,0 % de las diabéticas, lo cua pudo haber contribuido a la significativa mayor frecuencia de parto pretérmino, morbimortalidad perinatal y recién nacidos con peso = o > 4 000 g, esto último fue probablemente responsable de la mayor frecuencia de parto por cesárea. La frecuencia de malformaciones congénitas 11 (8,0 %) resultó muy superior a lo reportado en nuestro país para población general e inclusive para gestantes diabéticas en el Servicio Central de Diabetes y Embarazo. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados perinatales adversos en las adolescentes diabéticas pudieron estar en relación, según nuestros resultados, con hiperglucemia de difícil control en estas gestantes y a la falta de asistencia a la consulta de control preconcepcional.

OBJECTIVE: To report the neonatal morbidity and the newborn weight in diabetes mellitus pregnants (DMP) under preventive or not insulin-treatment, carriers of risk factors for late hyperglycemias. METHODS: A total of 230 DMPs were studied during 2004-2008, who were divided into two groups, in one we administered Nordisk Novo human regular insulin at 0.3 Ud/kg dose of ideal weight, divided into 3 preprandial doses according to Valdés and Márquez method plus a estimated diet (intervention group) and in the other group (control group) only a estimated diet was administered, in no two groups less than 1 800 kcal/day. Chi² test and t Student test were used for results analysis with a value of p < 0.05. RESULTS: The neonatal morbidity concerning the neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and hypoglycemia had a frequency of 5.2 and 2.6 % for intervention group with a increase of 10,.4 and 6.1, respectively in control group. Frequency of neonatal body weight gain was of 6.1 % for intervention group and of 25.2 % for the treatment group only with a estimated diet, newborn frequency above 4.200 g was of 3.5 % in preventive insulin group increasing significantly to 11.3 % in control group with only the estimated diet. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive insulin treatment in diabetic pregnants with risk factors for a later hyperglycemia, achieve a significant reduction in body weight excess and in neonatal macrosomia according to our results, very probable by achieved anticipation to late hyperglycemia

OBJETIVO: reportar la morbilidad neonatal y el peso de los recién nacidos en diabéticas mellitus gestacionales (DMG), con tratamiento insulínico preventivo o no, portadoras de factores de riesgo para hiperglucemias tardías. MÉTODOS: estudiamos 230 embarazadas DMG en el período 2004-08, las cuales se dividieron en dos grupos, en uno se administró insulina regular humana Novo Nordisk a dosis de 0,3 Ud/kg de peso ideal, dividida en 3 dosis preprandiales según método de Valdés y Márquez más dieta calculada (grupo de intervención), y al otro (grupo control), solo se le administró dieta calculada, en ninguno de los dos grupos menos de 1 800 kcal/día. Utilizamos el test chi-cuadrado y la t de Student para el análisis de los resultados con valor de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: la morbilidad neonatal en lo referente a hiperbilirrubinemia e hipoglucemia neonatal se comportó con una frecuencia de 5,2 y 2,6 % para el grupo de intervención y ello se elevó a 10,4 y 6,1 respectivamente en el grupo control. La frecuencia de exceso de peso corporal neonatal fue de 6,1% para el grupo de intervención y 25,2 % para el de tratamiento solo con la dieta calculada, la frecuencia de recién nacidos con más de 4 200g fue del 3,5 % en el grupo de insulina preventiva y ello se elevó significativamente a 11,3 % en el grupo control con sólo la dieta calculada. CONCLUSIONES: el tratamiento insulínico preventivo en diabéticas gestacionales con factores de riesgo para hiperglucemia tardía, logró una reducción significativa tanto del exceso de peso corporal como de la macrosomía neonatal según nuestros resultados, muy probablemente por la anticipación lograda a la hiperglucemia tardía.

OBJECTIVE: to report on maternal morbidity in pregnant diabetic women under preventive insulin-treatment by late hyperglycemia risk. METHODS: results from 230 pregnants diagnosed with glucose intolerance during pregnancy are reported. The intolerance diagnosis was made using the criteria proposed by HWO during 2004-2008. Sample was divided in a random way into two groups of 115 pregnants each. Experimental group (intervention group) received a calculated diet plus Novo Nordisk human regular insulin with dose of 0.3 IU/kg of ideal body weight, divided into three preprandial dose according the method described by Valdés and Márquez. In the other group we used the calculated diet never less than 1 800 kcal/day (control group). To those without the metabolic control demanded by Service we added insulin in a conventional way. Also, for comparisons of ratios, we used the Chi² test, and for the independent samples, we used the t Student test. RESULTS: pregnant morbidity was of 24.3 % in intervention group and only of 21.7 % in control group, as well as, the cesarean section rate was of 53.9 % for both groups. CONCLUSION: preventive insulin treatment in pregnant diabetic women with late hyperglycemia risk fails to decrease neither the maternal morbidity frequency nor decrease in expected cesarean section rate, probably due to influence of multifactor problems and not only in relation to hyperglycemia.

OBJETIVO: reportar la morbilidad materna en diabéticas gestacionales con tratamiento insulínico preventivo por riesgo de hiperglucemia tardía. MÉTODOS: reportamos los resultados en 230 gestantes diagnosticadas de intolerancia a la glucosa durante el embarazo. El diagnóstico de la intolerancia se realizó utilizando los criterios propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en el período 2004-08. La muestra se dividió de modo randomizado en 2 grupos de 115 gestantes. Al grupo experimental (grupo de intervención), se le aplicó dieta calculada más insulina regular humana Novo Nordisk a dosis de 0,3 UI/kg de peso corporal ideal, dividida en 3 dosis preprandiales según el método descrito por Valdés y Márquez. En el otro grupo solo se empleó dieta calculada nunca menos de 1 800 kcal/día (grupo control). Aquellas que no mantuvieron el control metabólico exigido por el servicio se le adicionó insulina de modo convencional. Empleamos para la comparación de proporciones el estadígrafo chi cuadrado y para las muestras independientes la t de Student. RESULTADOS: la morbilidad en la embarazada resultó de un 24,3 % en el grupo de intervención y de solo 21,7 % en el grupo control, así como el índice de cesáreas que fue del 53,9 % para ambos grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: el tratamiento insulínico preventivo en diabéticas gestacionales con factores de riesgo para hiperglucemia tardía, no logró disminuir la frecuencia de morbilidad materna, ni la disminución en el índice de cesárea esperado, probablemente por estar influidos ambos eventos por problemas multifactoriales y no solo en relación con hiperglucemia.

INTRODUCTION: Microbiological diagnosis of neonatal infection of early onset is complex. In most of newborns diagnosis is started if there is a clinical suspicion and the positivity of some acute-phase reactants and the hemogran. METHODS: Prognostic value was analyzed using as reference method the peripheral hemoculture or the pathological anatomy findings of infection in some of clinical laboratory examinations in an isolated way. Study was performed in all the cases, in 32 neonates presenting with a proven and probable early onset infection, and by infection localization. RESULTS: Neither positive reactive C protein nor total white cells alterations were good predictors of an early onset sepsis of any localization. Thrombocytopenia was a significant marker but not to estimate the 95%-confidence index (CI). In the exclusion of pulmonary localization, the positive reactive C protein became a significant marker. In none of neonates presenting a proven pulmonary infection it had positive results in clinical examinations performed. CONCLUSIONS: For the moment is not available a laboratory test able to predict with accuracy the presence of an early onset infection of any localization. Qualitative reactive C protein is a significant marker of an early infection of bloodstream and the meninges in neonates.

INTRODUCCIÓN. El diagnóstico microbiológico de la infección neonatal de inicio precoz es complejo. En la mayoría de los recién nacidos se inicia el tratamiento ante la sospecha clínica y la positividad de algunos reactantes de fase aguda y el hemograma. MÉTODOS. Se analizó el valor predictivo utilizando como método de referencia el hemocultivo periférico o el hallazgo anatomopatológico de infección de algunos exámenes de laboratorio clínico de forma aislada. El estudio se realizó en el total de los casos, 32 neonatos con infección de inicio precoz probada y probable, y por localización de la infección. RESULTADOS. Ni la proteína C-reactiva positiva ni las alteraciones de los leucocitos totales fueron buenos predictores de sepsis de inicio precoz de cualquier localización. La trombocitopenia impresionó ser un marcador competente pero no resultó así al calcular el intervalo de confianza al 95 %. Al excluir la localización pulmonar, la proteína C-reactiva positiva se convirtió en un marcador competente. Ninguno de los neonatos con infección pulmonar probada tuvo resultados positivos en los exámenes clínicos realizados. CONCLUSIONES. No se cuenta de momento con ninguna prueba de laboratorio clínico capaz de predecir con certeza la presencia de infección de inicio precoz de cualquier localización. La proteína C-reactiva cualitativa es un marcador competente de infección precoz del torrente sanguíneo y de meninges en los neonatos.

O presente ensaio tem como objetivo analisar e discutir como a pesquisa-ação participante pode ganhar espaço como estratégia metodológica em administração. Esta análise enfoca em especial o campo do empreendedorismo, e mais especificamente o campo do empreendedorismo social, ressaltando as vantagens e limitações da aplicação dessa estratégia de pesquisa. Procede-se, inicialmente, à análise dos principais paradigmas de pesquisa em administração e define-se a pesquisa-ação participante como modalidade de pesquisa crítica, inserida no paradigma humanista radical. A seguir, passa-se à identificação das características da pesquisa participante e ao seu contraste com outras modalidades de pesquisa, em especial com a observação participante e a pesquisa-ação. Os conceitos da pesquisa-ação participante são apresentados e os autores prosseguem apresentando uma revisão dos mais recentes trabalhos em que essa foi usada para apoiar pesquisas na área do empreendedorismo social. Concluem com a proposta de que a avaliação desses trabalhos se dê por outros conceitos que não os da pesquisa tradicional.

This essay aims to analyze and discuss how participatory action research can be applied as a methodological strategy in business administration. This analysis focuses mainly on the field of entrepreneurship and, more specifically, social entrepreneurship, highlighting the advantages and limitations of this research strategy. Firstly, the main research paradigms in business administration are analyzed and participatory-action research is defined as a research modality set within the radical humanist paradigm. Then, the characteristics of participatory research are identified and it is contrasted with other research modalities, specially with participant observation and action research. Participatory action research is then presented and the authors proceed with the presentation of a review of recent researches which it was used. They finish the work proposing that avaliation of works with this kind of methodology must be different then those used for traditional research.

OBJECTIVE: to report the perinatal and maternal morbimortality corresponding to this degree of glucose intolerance detected during pregnancy and that together with the diagnosis of Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) has been classified as Prediabetes. METHODS: the maternal and perinatal results were studied in 9 patients with non-pathological respond at the second hour of the OGTT ( 7.8 mmol/L-140 mg/dL), but who fulfilled the criteria of impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) according to the World Health Organization (6.1 to 6.9 mmol/L-110 to 125 mg/dL) more than once. RESULTS: in 4 of the patients it was necessary the treatment with Novonordisk human regular insulin at doses ranging from 0.5 Ud/kg of ideal body weight to 1.6 Ud. 50 % of the newborn infants presented excess of neonatal body weight. One of them with a weight over 4 000 g developed a symptomatic hypoglycaemia. A congenital anomaly (hydrocepaly) and two menaces of pretem delivery with need of anticalcic treatment were detected. CONCLUSION: Impaired fasting glycaemia according to our results has a severe impact on maternal and perinatal morbidity

OBJETIVO: reportar la morbi-mortalidad perinatal y materna de este grado de intolerancia a la glucosa detectada durante el embarazo y que conjuntamente con el diagnóstico de Tolerancia a la Glucosa Alterada (TGA), se ha calificado de Prediabetes. MÉTODOS: se estudiaron los resultados maternos y perinatales en 9 pacientes con resultado de la 2da. hora de la PTGo no patológica (menos de 7,8 mmo/L-140 mg/dL), pero que sí reunían criterios de Glucemia alterada en ayunas (GAA) según la OMS (6,1 a 6,9 mmol/L-110 a 125 mg/dL), en más de una ocasión. RESULTADOS: en 4 de las pacientes fue necesario tratamiento con insulina regular humana Novonordisk a dosis que fluctuaron de 0,5 Ud/kg de peso corporal ideal a 1,6 Ud. El 50 % de los RN presentaron exceso de peso corporal neonatal y 1 de ellos resultó superior a los 4 000 g, el cual desarrolló una hipoglucemia sintomática. Se detecta una anomalía congénita (Hidrocefalia), y 2 amenazas de parto pretérmino con necesidad de tratamiento anticálcico. CONCLUSIÓN: la Glucemia alterada en ayunas (GAA) según nuestros resultados repercute severamente en la morbilidad materna y perinatal

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the factors predisposing the hypoglycaemic accident during pregnancy in pregestational diabetic women and its maternal and perinatal repercussion. METHODS: 175 pregnant women affected by pregestational diabetes (73 B, 22 C, 66 D, 4 F, 1 H, 5 R, y 4 F-R) were retrospectively studied from 2001 to 2006. All of them were under dietetic and insulin treatment. The latter was applied by the method described by professors Valdés Amador and Márquez Guillén. The maternal and perinatal results were comparatively analyzed among those who suffered the accident and those who did not, for which we used Fisher's chi square test with a significance of p< 0.05. RESULTS: a hypoglycaemic accident was detected in 78 patients (44.6 %). It was mild in 54 (30.9 %) and severe in 24 (13.7 %). Hypoglycaemia was more significantly frequent in type-1 diabetic women aged 25 or under, nuliparous, with low or normal body weight and with some grade of vascular lesion. No impact was detected on perinatal morbimortality, and no congenital anomalies were observed as a result of the complication. CONCLUSIONS: type-1 diabetic women with some grade of vascular lesion and with low or normal body weight are proner to the accident due very probably to the reported loss of counterregulatory hormonal reaction.

OBJETIVO: analizar los factores que predisponen al accidente hipoglucémico durante el embarazo en diabéticas pre-gestacionales y su repercusión materna y perinatal. MÉTODOS: se estudiaron retrospectivamente 175 embarazadas diabéticas pre-gestacionales (73 B, 22 C, 66 D, 4 F, 1 H, 5 R, y 4 F-R) en el período 2001-2006, todas estuvieron sometidas a tratamiento dietético e insulínico y este último aplicado según el método descrito por los profesores Valdés Amador y Márquez Guillén. Los resultados maternos y perinatales se analizan comparativamente entre las que sufrieron del accidente y las que no, para lo cual utilizamos el test X² de Fisher con un significado de p< 0,05. RESULTADOS: se detectó un accidente hipoglucémico en 78 pacientes (44,6 %), de ellas, calificado de leve en 54 (30,9 %) y en 24 (13,7 %) de grave. La frecuencia de hipoglucemia resultó significativamente más frecuente en las diabéticas tipo 1, de 25 años o menos, nulíparas, con bajo o normo peso corporal y algún grado de lesión vascular presente. No detectamos repercusión en morbi-mortalidad perinatal, ni anomalías congénitas por motivo de la complicación. CONCLUSIONES: las embarazadas diabéticas tipo 1, con algún grado de lesión vascular y de bajo o normo peso corporal son más propensas al accidente muy probablemente por la reportada pérdida de la reacción hormonal contrarregulatoria.

A Tecnologia da Informação (TI) vem aumentando rapidamente a sua participação em todas as áreas de negócios, criando constantemente novos desafios para os gestores das empresas. Neste panorama, espera-se dos profissionais de Controladoria, responsáveis pelo fornecimento e gestão dos sistemas de informações de controle e avaliação de desempenho da empresa, mais do que simplesmente conhecimento em tecnologia. Estes profissionais precisam participar colaborativamente com a área de TI, do processo de gestão da informatização da empresa. Este estudo apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a Tecnologia da Informação no ambiente organizacional e a necessidade da Controladoria na gestão desta área. Foi realizada, igualmente, uma pesquisa com gerentes da área de Tecnologia da Informação e Controladoria, a fim de se confrontar opiniões sobre o papel do Controller na gestão da Tecnologia da Informação, obtendo-se alguns resultados interessantes, comentados neste trabalho.

Information Technology has quickly increased its importance in several business areas, creating constantly new challenges for company managers. Within such context, controllers are expected to be responsible for supplying and managing the information control systems as well as evaluating the company performance, instead of simply having good knowledge on technology. All these professionals need to participate deeply into the IT area of a company - that is, in the process of company management computerizing. This study presents a review of specific bibliography concerning Information Technology applied to the company organizational environment and also discusses the necessity of having a Controllership working in this same area management. It has been equally carried out a survey together controlling managers of both Information Technology and Controllership areas in order to collect their opinions on paper about the Controller working in the Information Technology management, and, besides that, some other interesting comments on the results were also taken into consideration in this article.

Alrededor del 20 % de los neonatos ventilados, desarrollan una neumonía nosocomial entre los 5 a 15 días de ventilación. La presencia de esta complicación se asocia a varios factores de riesgo. Realizamos un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y longitudinal, en un período de 17 meses, en el Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Ginecoobstétrico Docente “Ramón González Coro”, que incluyó a todos los recién nacidos ventilados, en los cuales se determinó la presencia o no de neumonía nosocomial y se relacionó con las variables: enfermedad que motivó el soporte, peso y edad gestacional al nacimiento, días de ventilación y episodios de reintubación. Adquirieron neumonía el 20 % de los ventilados ( 5 % del total de egresados, 1,3 % del total de nacidos vivos); no se encontró relación entre la enfermedad que motivó la ventilación, edad gestacional, peso al nacimiento y episodios de reintubación, con la aparición de neumonía nosocomial. Existe una relación proporcional entre los días de ventilación y la infección pulmonar.